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Nicolas Copernicus was born on Februin the Polish city of Torun on the banks of the Vistula River, in the family of a merchant - a native of Germany.
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The publication of his main work "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres", which set out his heliocentric system of the world, has become an event with which historians are counting the first scientific revolution XVI - XVIII centuries. Completed around 1530, it was not published until 1543–the year of his death.This week, the world celebrated 540 years since the birth of the great Polish astronomer and mathematician Nicolas Copernicus. Because of these problems and others, Copernicus delayed publication of his major astronomical work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi, or “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs,” nearly all his life.
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Why would they do so in a sun-centered system? He retained the ancient belief that circles governed the heavens, but his evidence showed that even in a sun-centered universe the planets and stars did not revolve around the sun in circular orbits. For instance, heavy objects were always assumed to fall to the ground because Earth was the center of the universe. In the treatise, he correctly postulated the order of the known planets, including Earth, from the sun, and estimated their orbital periods relatively accurately.įor Copernicus, his heliocentric theory was by no means a watershed, for it created as many problems as it solved. The work was not published in his lifetime. Sometime between 15, Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a short astronomical treatise commonly called the Commentariolus, or “Little Commentary,” which laid the basis for his heliocentric (sun-centered) system. Nicolaus Copernicus and the Heliocentric Theory Astronomers disagreed on the order of the planets from Earth, and it was this problem that Copernicus addressed at the beginning of the 16th century. The Ptolemaic system remained Europe’s accepted cosmology for more than 1,000 years, but by Copernicus’ day accumulated astronomical evidence had thrown some of his theories into confusion. How the First Thanksgiving College Football Game Kicked Off a Holiday Tradition From ancient times, philosophers adhered to the belief that the heavens were arranged in circles (which by definition are perfectly round), causing confusion among astronomers who recorded the often eccentric motion of the planets, which sometimes appeared to halt in their orbit of Earth and move retrograde across the sky. The cosmology of early 16th-century Europe held that Earth sat stationary and motionless at the center of several rotating, concentric spheres that bore the celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, the known planets, and the stars. Nicolaus Copernicus: Against The Ptolemaic System By 1514, his reputation as an astronomer was such that he was consulted by church leaders attempting to reform the Julian calendar.
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In his free time, he dedicated himself to scholarly pursuits, which sometimes included astronomical work. He returned to Poland, where he became a church administrator and doctor. At the University of Krakow, he studied liberal arts, including astronomy and astrology, and then, like many Poles of his social class, was sent to Italy to study medicine and law.Ĭopernicus later studied at the University of Padua and in 1503 received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Ferrara. He was given the best education of the day and bred for a career in canon (church) law. Copernicus was born into a family of well-to-do merchants, and after his father’s death, his uncle–soon to be a bishop–took the boy under his wing.
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Nicolaus Copernicus was born on Februin Torun, a city in north-central Poland on the Vistula River. In addition to correctly postulating the order of the known planets, including Earth, from the sun, and estimating their orbital periods relatively accurately, Copernicus argued that Earth turned daily on its axis and that gradual shifts of this axis accounted for the changing seasons. Prior to the publication of his major astronomical work, “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs,” in 1543, European astronomers argued that Earth lay at the center of the universe, the view also held by most ancient philosophers and biblical writers. He was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy.